Floating Solar Panel, Kerala | Image Source: Fourth Biennial Update Report (BUR-4) to UNFCCC 

India has submitted its Fourth Biennial Update Report (BUR-4) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), highlighting significant strides in combating climate change. The report, submitted on December 30, 2024, presents a comprehensive analysis of the country’s greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, mitigation actions, and progress towards its climate targets. It also details national circumstances and the ongoing challenges, including gaps in finance, technology, and capacity-building.

One of the standout achievements is the reduction in India’s total GHG emissions. In 2020, emissions decreased by 7.93% compared to 2019, marking a significant step in the nation’s commitment to sustainable growth. Notably, the energy sector, the largest contributor to emissions, accounted for 75.66% of the total. This decline, despite the challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic, underscores India’s concerted efforts to decouple economic growth from environmental degradation.

Renewable Energy Capacity and Emission Intensity Targets

India’s renewable energy capacity has seen a remarkable surge, with non-fossil sources now accounting for 46.52% of the installed electricity generation capacity as of October 2024. The country’s renewable energy installed capacity, including large hydropower, stands at 203.22 GW, marking a substantial increase from 35 GW in 2014. This shift towards cleaner energy aligns with India’s ambitious climate targets under the Paris Agreement, which includes reducing the emission intensity of its GDP by 36% by 2020 compared to 2005 levels.

These achievements in renewable energy reflect India’s determination to reduce reliance on fossil fuels and transition towards a low-carbon economy. The growth of solar, wind, and other renewable sources of energy is crucial in meeting India’s climate commitments while supporting economic growth and development. Despite its large population and energy demands, India has made significant progress in sustainable energy infrastructure, setting an example for other developing nations.

Image Source: Fourth Biennial Update Report (BUR-4) to UNFCCC 

India’s Forests and Land Use: A Key Carbon Sink

In addition to reducing emissions, India has also focused on enhancing its carbon sinks. The country’s forest and tree cover, along with other land-use practices, sequestered approximately 522 million tonnes of CO2 in 2020, effectively offsetting 22% of the nation's total carbon dioxide emissions. This figure adds to the broader environmental achievements of India’s land management strategies, which have led to a cumulative carbon sink of 2.29 billion tonnes of CO2 equivalent between 2005 and 2021.

The country’s forest cover, now encompassing 25.17% of its total geographical area, plays a crucial role in mitigating climate change. Forest restoration and sustainable land use are central to India’s approach, contributing significantly to global efforts to combat deforestation and biodiversity loss. The ongoing expansion of these natural carbon sinks showcases India’s long-term commitment to environmental stewardship.

Image Source: Fourth Biennial Update Report (BUR-4) to UNFCCC 

A Global Commitment to Sustainable Development

India’s climate actions demonstrate a clear alignment between economic growth and environmental sustainability. Although the country contributes only a small fraction of historical emissions, its proactive stance on climate action has gained international recognition. India’s approach emphasizes the principle of “common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities” (CBDR-RC), as outlined in the UNFCCC and the Paris Agreement.

India's efforts to reduce emissions, expand renewable energy capacity, and enhance its carbon sinks reflect its commitment to sustainable development while meeting the needs of its growing population. As the world continues to face the challenges of climate change, India remains steadfast in its mission to balance development with meaningful climate action. Through these efforts, India is setting a precedent for other nations, especially in the Global South, in advancing climate solutions that are both equitable and effective.