Global demand for sand is rising at a pace that could create serious environmental and economic risks, according to a new report released by the United Nations Environment Programme. The report says sand extraction is now exceeding the planet’s natural ability to replenish it, increasing pressure on ecosystems, coastlines, and local communities worldwide.

The report, titled Sand and Sustainability: An Essential Resource for Nature and Development, states that the world currently uses around 50 billion tonnes of sand every year. Demand linked to construction and infrastructure is expected to increase by up to 45 percent by 2060 due to rapid urbanization, population growth, and economic expansion.

Sand Demand Fuels Environmental Pressure

The report explains that sand is a key material used in concrete, asphalt, glass, and other construction products. However, the extraction process is damaging rivers, coastal zones, and marine ecosystems in several regions.

UNEP described two forms of sand. “Dead” sand refers to sand removed for industrial and construction use. “Alive” sand remains in rivers, beaches, and coastal ecosystems, where it supports biodiversity and protects shorelines from erosion and storm surges.

The agency warned that removing too much “alive” sand can weaken natural defenses against climate-related disasters, including sea-level rise and coastal flooding.

Marine Protected Areas Face Rising Extraction Activity

The report also highlighted concerns over dredging operations in protected marine regions. Data from UNEP’s Marine Sand Watch showed that nearly half of dredging companies are operating within Marine Protected Areas. These operations account for about 15 percent of the total volume dredged globally.

UNEP called for stronger environmental monitoring, transparent permit systems, and improved global cooperation to manage sand resources more sustainably.

Governments Urged to Act Quickly

The report urged governments to create national strategies for responsible sand management. It also recommended better mapping, environmental assessments, and long-term planning to balance infrastructure needs with ecosystem protection.

The study was prepared by 27 experts from multiple countries and focuses on sustainable resource management for future development and biodiversity protection.